Electroacoustic Music
In the broad sense of the term, electroacoustic covers all the applications of electricity or electronics to acoustic sound. Electroacoustic music requires a loudspeaker in order to connect electronics and hearing, and more than any precise style, it is defined by the means employed for its production. It is generally divided into two main currents, concrete and electronic, although their divergences diminished during the second half of the 1960s. Concrete music emerged around 1948 in the context of radio art. Pierre Schaeffer, who was both an engineer and a musician, became interested in the expressive power of recorded sounds. He accumulated a number of these sound fragments in the form of studies of nonidentifiable sounds and noises. Composition thus bore on concrete sound objects, but it might also use recordings of musical instruments and fragments of existing musical works. The magnetic tapes were reworked through editing, which allowed the sounds to be modified and combined. A key figure in concrete music, along with Pierre Schaeffer, is Pierre Henri (Variations pour une porte et un soupir [Variations for a door and a sigh], 1963, an homage to the art of Arman). Electronic music was born in 1950, through the efforts of Herbert Eimertin the studios of the Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk in Cologne. Produced by electronic frequency generators, electronic music is formed by a combination of synthetic sounds based on waves. The initial rationalism of this approach was to evolve with the introduction of a certain margin of indetermination in the composition. The most important of the electronic music composers is Karlheinz Stockhausen (Mikrophonie II). Electroacoustic music is both an art and a science. The three main instruments used are the studio, the synthesizer, and the computer. "In the studio, experience overrides theory. The musicians move away from the notion of interpretation  transmitted by instrumental tradition and come closer to a more sculptural notion of concrete music by working on the sound matter itself" (André-Pierre Boeswillwald, "Musique contemporaine, les musiques électro-acoustiques,"Encyclopédie Universalis, Paris,  1995).
Bibliography: Robert L. Wick, Electronic and Computer Music: An Annotated Bibliography (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1997).

Electronic Art
Electronic art makes use of advanced technologies such as computers, lasers, video, holography, and certain means of communication. Lasers have been used in Light Art since 1965, and the first exhibition of such works, "Laser Light, A New Visual Art", was held at the Cincinnati Art Museum in 1969. One of the features of the laser beam is the concentration of its light, which keeps it from spreading out in space. The composer Iannis Xenakis used the laser in Diatope, a work presented at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris in 1978. The laser beam is also the basis of the hologram, which involves both physiological vision and psychological perception. In the context of art, video has been used either as a simple recording device for happenings, actions, and performances or as an experimental tool for exploring the electronic properties of the medium. Video cameras and monitors can also be combined in sculptures and installations or associated with computers. The beginnings of video as art are associated with Nam June Paik and Wolf Vostell, who first exhibited their work at the Parnass Gallery in Wuppertal, (West) Germany, in 1963. The origins of Computer Art can be placed around the 1960s. The digital computer can be used to produce visual images, cybernetic sculptures, and environments. Copy Art is a means of fixing images by photochemical, electrostatic, or thermal processes. Artists use photocopiers either to reproduce real objects that have been placed in direct contact with the machine or to transform and combine preexisting images. Communications Art involves the use of online data-processing networks that permit the exploration of cybernetic space. Communications aesthetics is aimed at combining art, technology, and science. The Communication Aesthetics Group uses technology to create events in real time that visually bring together places that are physically separated. "The content of the exchange is less important than the network used and the operating conditions of the exchange." Communications artists also use the fax machine, slow-scan television, and satellites.

Experimental Film
Experimental film focuses on form rather than classic narrative preoccupations. It exists outside the ordinary production and distribution circuit of commercial movies. The origins of experimental film go back to the second decade of the twentieth century and the first Futurist manifestos on film. It followed the avant-garde movements from Dada (Entr'acte by René Clair and Francis Picabia, 1924) to Surrealism (An Andalusian Dog, by Salvador Dali and Luis Buñuel, 1928). this "pure" cinema, rooted in Paris and Berlin, was to establish the forms that followed through the works of Man Ray, Hans Richter, Germaine Dulac, and Fernand Léger. After a second
wave, notably with Maya Deren on the 1940s, a revival took place in the 1960s in San Francisco and New York, owing in particular to the availability of new film formats (8 and 16 mm) that reduced production costs. Among the main filmmakers of this "New American Cinema" were Kenneth Anger, Jonas Mekas, Gregory Markopoulos, Andy Warhol, Bruce Conner, Carl Linder, and Stan Brakhage. In 1962, Jonas Mekas and others created the Filmmakers' Cooperative as a parallel organization for the distribution of independent film, including the works of experimental filmmakers. Other North American filmmakers who have been influential in the development of experimental images include Paul Sharits, Michael Snow, and Hollis Frampton. In France during the 1950s, the films of Jean Mitry or the Lettristes Isidore Isou, Maurice Lemaître, and Guy Debord involved a certain amount of experimentation, and even films without images. The 1970s saw the growing ranks of the experimental filmmakers joined by artists such as Pol Bury, Martial Raysse, Christian Boltanski, and Jacques Monory.
Bibliography: Jonas Mekas, Movie Journal (New York: Collier Books, 1972).